Joint committees and standing committees are both made of members from both houses of congress. Joint committees are set up to aid in the conduct of business between the houses and to help in focusing or shifting public attention on major issues. Standing committees, on the other hand, are regarded as the most important types of committee as they help in shaping the majority of proposed laws.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was an agreement made between the United States, Canada, and Mexico which paved way for a trilateral bloc in the continent of North America. The agreement was made to reduce drastically or eliminate all forms of tariffs, or barriers to trade and investment between Canada, the United States, and Mexico.

This agreement only covered the freedom of movement of goods and services but does not go into labor. When President Donald Trump assumed office as the president, NAFTA was replaced with the USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement)

Other than being a suitable replacement for the President in certain situations and the principal advisor to the president, the Vice President is also an officer of the legislative arm of government acting as the president of the senate. With this, the Vice President can preside over the Senate at any time. The Vice President, however, will not vote unless during a tie-breaking vote. The Senate President pro tempore presides over the Senate only when the Vice President is unavailable.

The National Education Association is an organized labor category. Other than being the largest labor union in the US, it is also the largest white-collar representative. The NEA represents all public-school teachers and some other support personnel, staffers, and faculty at several colleges and universities. It also represents college students preparing to become teachers and retired educators.

The NEA is in charge of grievance procedures, salary schedules, transfer policies, instruction methods, class size, sick leave, extracurricular activities, and school safety. Through consultations with field representatives and the production of resource materials, the NEA helps or assists local affiliates in negotiations. The NEA as an organized body is focused on three areas of the education system; student achievement, school system capacity in supporting student success, and teacher quality. All of the staff of this organization is built on these three priorities.

The Medicare program was created solely to help in the provision of medical insurance to people over the age of sixty-five. This program was formulated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on the 30th of July, 1965. This bill, popularly known as the Medicare bill was signed alongside Medicaid, which gave medical insurance to the poor. Before this bill was signed, so many older Americans were not served well in the insurance market. After this bill, older Americans utilized the insurance scheme and this was a huge first step towards achieving optimal health care for all.

The petition of right was part of the massive conflict between the Stuart Monarchy and the English parliament. This led to the war of the Three Kingdoms. This war involved the kingdoms of England, Ireland, and Scotland all ruled by the same king; King Charles I.

This war ended with the parliamentarian army of the English parliament defeating all belligerents, the abolition of the monarchy, the founding of the Commonwealth of England, and the execution of the King. This war began due to disputes regarding the ultimate political power held by King Charles I. After the war, the Commonwealth was formed and the Kingdom of Ireland and Scotland began being ruled by military governors.

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is America’s main source of information regarding criminal victimization. Each year, the NCVS collects data on personal crimes like rape, robbery, simple assault, and personal larceny as well as household property crimes like motor vehicle theft, trespassing, etc. This data is compiled by the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS).

The BJS is responsible for the measurement of crime, criminal offenders, criminal victimization, correlates of crime, victims of crime, and criminal operations at all levels of the justice systems. The BJS is under the United States Department of Justice and deals solely with data collection, measurement, interpretation, and publishing.

Since the start of the Hugo Chavez-led Bolivian revolution, Venezuela’s economy began a process of severe economic inflation and stagnation. With this, Venezuela’s annual inflation rate rose to 100% from 50% by the end of 2015. After just two years, that percentage rose to 1,370%, an extremely alarming amount.

This upward trend in percentage inflation led to Venezuelans buying and hoarding products. There was no change in wages and the prices of goods changed every day. The rate of purchases skyrocketed and the Venezuelan economy was in absolute jeopardy. Presently, the inflation rate of Venezuela’s economy is estimated at 10,000% annually.

The main function of the media is primarily to publicize events. The media provides clarity in information to any event or occurrence. In the making of a public policy, the media only publicizes the policy. Since the media is neutral in all matters, it only makes it public and does not come to conclusions as regards condemnation or promotion. The media could be able to expose how bad it is but will not as it causes media interference.

Nixon’s presidential win in 1968 marked a turn away from liberal reforms. Nixon accomplished very great advancements in the fight for civil rights, segregation, and environmental protection. Richard Nixon was the 37th president of the US. His win saw some growth in very sensitive and delicate areas in the civil rights structure of the United States. He was also known to end the participation of the United States in the Vietnam War and also presided over the moon landing.

According to pluralists, social heterogeneity prohibits all single groups from achieving dominance. This approach to the study of power describes power as something that cannot be assumed categorically. In other words, political power is shared among multiple people, entities, and groups.

This can be seen in a multi-ethnic society where people with different cultural backgrounds stay keen on their own traditions. A good example of pluralism can also be seen in a labor system where both the labor unions and the employers handle the needs of the employees. In summary, policymaking is not handled by a particular person. Rather, it is handled by a diverse set of interest groups.

A government order used to restrict trade and commerce within a particular country is an embargo. Embargoes result from unfavorable economic or political circumstances between two countries. To put a country in isolation and create sensitive difficulties for the country’s governing body, an embargo is placed and this, in turn, forces the affected country to amend the issue that led to the enforcement of the embargo. An embargo is a very powerful tool and is capable of influencing the economic and political aspects of a nation.

President Woodrow Wilson was concerned that banks in the US had too much influence on the politics of the nation. President Woodrow, the president who led the United States through the First World War pushed for the creation of a federal reserve, this was the first time that a central bank was established in the US. As a result of different views particularly from republicans, the reform resulted in some form of controversy.

The republicans advocated an entirely new central bank and the democrats on the other hand advocated a central bank solely under the control of the US government. This led to Woodrow creating a federal reserve with the subtle influence of private bankers. With this, the old system of banking involving total private control was abolished and the banking system was made public.

Any country or state with a legislature divided into two separate chambers, assemblies, or houses practices bicameralism. The entire concept of a mixed government is centered on bicameralism and unlike unicameralism; bicameralism prevents a legislative branch from possessing too much power. With this, bicameralism balances and bridges the power gap existing between different groups in a society.

In the US for example, the parliament is divided between the senate and the House of Representatives. In Britain however, the parliamentary system is divided into the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Summarily, in bicameral legislation, all authority is not given to a chief executive, and parliaments are prevented from gaining too much power.

In a command economy, a central government is in charge of making every economic decision in the country. The levels of production and prices of goods and services are authoritatively dictated by the government. With this, the laws of demand and supply are not relied upon unlike they are in a market economy. Most industries in a command economy are publicly owned. Some countries that practice command economy include Iran, Belarus, Cuba, North Korea, and Libya. In these countries, monopolies are very common and this is so because it is considered necessary in meeting the goals of the economy.

According to Beveridge, imperialism is the only way backward nations can know and adapt to the contemporary way of life. He also pointed out that colonizing a nation will in turn protect the people of the nation from a foreign power and also from the colony of people who would likely rob or enslave them through war or related causes. In other words, imperialism helps in providing a strong government in a region with none. It is also advantageous to colonized nations as it introduces democracy to a backward nation.

One positive effect of trade agreements in the life of citizens is that it leads to an increase in the economic rights of the citizens. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a deal entered by the USA, Mexico, and Canada, is responsible for ensuring the free and adequate flow of goods and services between the countries involved. With this, the economic conditions of the citizens are greatly improved as some tariffs on certain goods and services are overlooked. The trade agreement between European Union countries is also of immense benefit to the citizens of member countries. The citizens of these countries are able to trade freely with any of the member countries as well as use the pound, which is one of the strongest currencies of the world.

The scramble for Africa led to a trend of desperate and aggressive need to invade, colonize, and cause the annexation of African regions by European strongholds. The UK, France, Portugal, and Belgium were very successful in their quest to take control of the African continent. Before the entry of the Europeans into Africa, Africans were doing just fine with the resources available then. There were very large kingdoms, urban centers were sprawling and even small villages were doing very well, all headed by chiefs and elders. As a result of imperialism, Europeans imposed their culture and beliefs on already civilized Africans and this led to the partial disruption of the traditional ways Africans were known for. Africa was damaged in several sectors and after colonization, the Europeans left with Africans having very little experience on how to continue with the already imposed European system of self-governance.

Regulation of trade is done exclusively by the states. To ensure a free, fair, and competitive economy, the need to regulate trade is of utmost importance. Imposing tariffs, import quotas, and licenses, are ways in which trade can be regulated in a particular jurisdiction. The state government has the authority to regulate intrastate commerce and this is very important as it helps in protecting local markets from foreign competition. Trade is also regulated to earn more revenue for the state. Although trade regulation can reduce the efficiency of the economy, it is still practiced all over the world.

In the US, certain agencies are given the task of running all aspects of the operations of homeland security. the department of homeland security is tasked with protecting the country from any form of attack which can emanate from within. This could range from border security to a breach in immigration law among numerous other fronts. Homeland security is made up of multiple agencies which include the FBI(federal bureau of investigation) which focuses on counter-terrorism, FEMA which focuses on quick responses to emergencies in the country, among other numerous agencies all contributing to the functionality of the homeland security

The two members of the election board are selected by county supervisors as well as the district election board.

The two members of the election board are meant to be picked by the two known bodies which are the country Supervisor and also the District Election Board. They both play different roles during the election. The country supervisor’s known responsibilities include supervision of all counties under the state while the District Election board is in charge of organizing elections in the counties of the state. Therefore, we can come to a conclusion that both the country supervisor and the district election board contribute to the selection of members of the election board.

In legislative terms, a bill is a proposal for any law. It is a formally introduced legislation or a proposal that is either going to be considered or is being considered before it is enacted into law.

A bill is a proposal that has not yet reached the committee for debate, it does not have to be proposed by either the House of Representatives or the Senate because it can be proposed by anybody.

The Senate power of advice and consent is used to checkmate discrepancies and other major activities that take place in the legislative and executive arms of government. Besides having the right to confirm major presidential appointments, the senate also has the right to advise and consent on appointments of positions such as ambassadors, the chief justice, and federal judges.

This power enables the Senate to approve certain governing processes by a vote of two-thirds or a majority of the senators. However, it does not apply to signed and published presidential directives (executive orders).

Democracy is a system of government that revolves around the people or populace being governed. The laws, reforms, and policies made are made with the people’s best interests at heart, and the most important element of any representative democracy is the freedom of the people to choose who they want as their leader through voting.

Suffrage is the right the people have to vote for an elected official if they truly want them in power.

Options A, B, and D all involve lawmaking.

Andrew Johnson’s defiance of the Congress on their stand on the appointment of cabinet members best describes the underlying reason for his impeachment. Option number 2 is therefore the correct answer.

Andrew Johnson was impeached in the year 1868 due to an accumulation of reasons, but the most prominent of them was because he repeatedly abused his power as the president of the United States of America. On several occasions, Andrew Johnson abused his presidential authority and made decisions that were against the law, and one of such decisions led to the end of his tenure.

While the Congress was out of session, Andrew Johnson attempted to take over from Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War with Ulysses S. Grant, a military leader, who took over as the temporary Secretary of War for 5 months. Andrew Johnson sought to replace Edwin M. Stanton because they often had quarrels between themselves.

This was the issue surrounding the resignation of President Richard Nixon after he was charged by a Supreme Court to provide evidence that implicated him in the Watergate Scandal. The Scandal was an issue that related to a forced entry into the Democratic National Committee. This break-in resulted in evidence that proved that the current executive administration had abused its power multiple times. Although the president tried to withhold the evidence claiming executive privilege, he was bypassed by a court that determined that his power had limits and did not cover the hiding of crucial evidence which eventually led to his resignation; this helped to display the supremacy of the court and also proved that the executive arm was not above the law.

In a federalist country, concurrent powers are powers that can be found both at the federal and state levels of government. They are powers that can be exercised by the two arms of government that they are given to. The powers can regard infrastructure, political activities, judicial matters, borrowing money, and economic activities such as the collection of taxes. These powers can be executed by both the state and federal governments at the same time and are constitutional in nature.

When two-thirds of the members in the house of the senate agree that a section in the constitution should be amended, the other members cannot do anything about it. However, it is extremely difficult to get two-thirds of the Senate to agree on the same thing. That is why constitutions are not always amended. It takes a lot of time to get two-thirds of the members to agree on something. For that reason, these two-thirds are known as the supermajority.

In terms of media practices, spin is a type of propaganda that occurs when the media consciously provides false information about an event or political issue. The main aim of such acts is to distort public perception of a popular brand, organization, or individual.

The correct answer in the options above is B because when the media casts a positive light on untrue happenings, they are practicing the idea of Spin.